It’s been long-established that quitting smoking prolongs life and that quitting young (below about 40) eliminates all or almost all the mortality costs of smoking. The new paper Smoking Cessation and Short- and Longer-Term Mortality by Eo Rin Cho and colleagues extends this case to more recent data and from several countries. While they confirm the (much) earlier findings, they add the important detail that the mortality benefit starts to appear within just 3 years of quitting and is large, particularly in younger people. Specifically, they find that, “Short-term cessation for fewer than 3 years was associated with a lower excess risk of 95% in women and 90% in men younger than 40 years of age.“
They also found, “notable beneficial associations also in women and men 40 to 49 years of age (81% and 61%, respectively) and 50 to 59 years of age (63% and 54%, respectively).”
These findings are important because they reinforce the benefits of quitting and, more important, show that the benefits are bigger and start to appear a lot faster than most people assume.
It is never too late to quit smoking, as many long-term or heavy smokers erroneously may think.
This result is also important because it contradicts the assumption promoted by e-cigarette advocates that the substantial associations between e-cigarette use and disease are an artifact of former smoking among current e-cigarette users. The new paper adds to the evidence that the effects of past smoking resolve relatively quickly, especially among younger smokers, who are those most likely to use e-cigarettes.
Here is the abstract:
Background.
Smoking cessation reduces mortality and morbidity. However, the extent and rapidity at which cessation reduces contemporary death rates from smoking-related illnesses remain uncertain.
Methods
We pooled current or former versus never cigarette smoker hazard ratios from four national cohorts with linkage to death registries in the United States, United Kingdom, Norway, and Canada among adults 20 to 79 years of age from 1974 to 2018. We calculated excess risk differences and survival, comparing current or never smokers with age-specific cessation and cessation fewer than 3, 3 to 9, or 10 or more years earlier.
Results
Among 1.48 million adults followed for 15 years, 122,697 deaths occurred. Adjusting for age, education, alcohol use, and obesity, current smokers had higher hazard ratios for death compared with never smokers (2.8 for women, 2.7 for men). Survival between 40 and 79 years of age was 12 and 13 years less in women and men, respectively, who smoked compared with never smokers (about 24 to 26 years of life lost for smokers who died from smoking combined with zero loss for smokers who did not die from smoking). Former smokers showed lower hazard ratios (1.3 in both women and men). Short-term cessation for fewer than 3 years was associated with a lower excess risk of 95% in women and 90% in men younger than 40 years of age, with notable beneficial associations also in women and men 40 to 49 years of age (81% and 61%, respectively) and 50 to 59 years of age (63% and 54%, respectively). Cessation at every age was associated with longer survival, particularly cessation before 40 years of age. Among all ages and compared with continued smoking, cessation of fewer than 3 years potentially averted 5 years of life lost and cessation for 10 or more years averted about 10 years of life lost, yielding survival similar to that of never smokers.
Conclusions
Quitting smoking at any age, but particularly in younger years, was associated with lower excess mortality overall and from vascular, respiratory, and neoplastic diseases. Beneficial associations were evident as early as 3 years after cessation. (Funded by Canadian Institutes of Health Research [FDN-154277].)
The full citation is: Cho ER, Brill IK, Gram IT, Brown PE, Jha P. Smoking Cessation and Short- and Longer-Term Mortality. NEJM Evid. 2024 Mar;3(3):EVIDoa2300272. doi: 10.1056/EVIDoa2300272. Epub 2024 Feb 8. PMID: 38329816. It is available here.
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